For many years growing up I hunted with a 7mm-08. It is a phenomenal and often underrated caliber. Now that I am much older, owned many different calibers, and I reload, I still feel a 7mm-08 Rem with Berger 168 VLD's would make an excellent option for deer for inside of 500 yard hunting. Not super fast but not a slouch either, very minimal recoil, and pretty easy to load for. Uses alot less powder than those big magnums, too.
As for glass, for that short of range, a Vortex Viper HS 4-14x50 is always a good option. You can get them for under $600, and lock it down in an EGW base, and some Seekins or TPS TSR rings, and you should be happy with the outcome.
Or, if you wanted to stick with a .30 caliber, the old faithful .308 Win would make another great option for you.